ABSTRACT

Introduction:

The Paget–Schroetter syndrome or “effort thrombosis” is a deep venous thrombosis of subclavian-axillar vein at the costoclavicular junction . It affects predominately young and athletic people with an inherent anatomic variant at the costoclavicular junction that triggers the formation of a primary thrombosis. It is important to identify this syn-drome in order to prevent further complications, such as post-thrombotic syndrome, pulmonary embolism (PE), or even death. We present a clinical case in which a young professional basketball player developed a subclavian venous thrombosis and was managed with new oral anticoagulant.

Case Report

We describe a case of a 17-year-old male, Turkish basketball player , who presented to the clinic  with one-week course of left upper limb pain with swelling and mild erythema. There was no previous history of chest trauma and patient denied having fever. The patient had no known medical problems, no medications and no prior family history of hematologic-related diseases. On physical examination his blood pressure was 116/ 88 mmHg, pulse rate 88/min, pulse oximetry showed 94% on room air, temperature was 36.4°C. His lungs were clear on auscultation and his heart sounds were normal. Edema, tenderness and erythema were found over the left upper extremity, peripheral arterial pulses were clear with palpation and no motor or sensitive deficit was present. The patient had also Urschel’s sign, characterized by the dilation of veins that can be visible across the shoulder and upper arm.^{(1, 2)}

An upper extremity venous Doppler ultrasound study was performed which confirmed the presence of a par-tially occlusive deep vein thrombosis in the left subclavian vein. HematologyInvestigations, including complete blood count, coagulation studies, and renal function tests, yielded normal results. Work-up for thrombophilic disorders includ-ed homocysteine, protein C, antithrombin III, and anti-cardiolipin antibody levels which were all within the normal range.  In the ED, the patient was then placed on Pradaxa (dabigatran) 150mg orally daily.

Discussion

Primary axillary-subclavian vein thrombosis, first described by Paget in 1875 and Schroetter in 1884, was named Paget-Schroetter syndrome (PSS) by Hughes in 1948.⁽⁷⁾ Upper extremity effort thrombosis accounts for approximately1–4% of all episodes of venous thrombosis.⁽²⁾ PSS most often develops among young adults who work in occupations that require repeated arm movements which cause axillo-subclavian vein trauma and facilitate the development of deep vein thrombosis (DVT).⁽⁸⁾ Several sporting activities have been associated with axillary vein thrombosis, including ball games, racket games, and aquatic sports. Due to repetitive extension and hyperabduction movements of the upper limb, this kind of thrombosis is known as effort thrombosis.⁽⁹⁾ Hematologic, anatomic, and iatrogenic predisposing factors such as thrombophilia, thorasic outlet syndrome (TOS), and major vein catheterisation are typically underlying conditions.^(10-13) Clinical features of PSS include sudden onset of pain, swelling, edema, and cyanosis of the upper limb. Collateral veins are evident around the shoulder and chest. The pain increases with exercise and decreases with rest and elevation of the affected extremity.⁽¹⁴⁾

Two theories explain the initial process that generates the final event of thrombosis in the Paget-Schroetter syndrome. The first one has been involved in a frequent activity of the arm followed by the development of a hypertrophy in the anterior scalene muscle; this, leading to blood stasis and clot formation. Secondly, several descriptions suggest that secondary thrombosis begins with a structural compression (abnormalities in the thoracic outlet), which triggers a con-tinuous process of fibrosis and scaring in the external environment surrounding the subclavian vein, of an exchange of the collagen fibers from loose connective tissue to a dense collagen scar. These perpetuate the process of stasis and thrombosis.⁽³⁾

The typical clinical presentation is a sudden onset pain, heaviness, blue-red discoloration and swelling of the upper affected arm. However, due to the mainly presentation in young athletic patients, the syndrome tends to be asymptomatic, or described by the patient as a simple muscular strain. In patients with intermittent obstruction, the symptoms will appear and disappear according to the process of obstruction. Occasionally, patients present the “Urschel’s sign”, characterized by the dilation of veins that can be visible across the shoulder and upper arm.⁽²⁾

The mainstream treatment of upper extremity thrombosis is based on the correction of the underlying defect and pre-vents future episodes. Currently, the gold standard in the management of this unusual thrombosis is the thrombolytic therapy. Catheter-directed thrombolysis has reported a successful of 62–82%, being higher in recent fresh clots (symp-toms <2–6 weeks) followed by a venoplasty if there is evidence of residual obstruction.^(2,4) Anticoagulation therapy reduces the overall mortality and morbidity associated with this syndrome. However, some studies demonstrate an increased risk of residual venous obstruction in 78% of cases managed only with anticoagulation.⁽⁴⁾ Urschel et al. describes that only 29% of patients treated with anticoagulation reported a good or excellent outcome.⁽⁵⁾ There was no evidence related to the use of new oral anticoagulants for the management of upper limb thrombosis.

In cases of external compression by scaring and fibrosis the treatment needs a surgical decompression to avoid a subsequently rethrombosis.⁽⁶⁾ The surgical procedure should be performing 1 or 2 month after the episode.

Conclusion

In conclusion, early diagnosis and treatment of  the Paget–Schroetter syndrome  is critical for preventing potentially fatal complications such as pulmonary embolism. Prophylaxis is important for preventing recurrent thrombosis and for avoiding development of post-thrombotic syndrome. Paget–Schroetter syndrome should be considered a possible cause of painful swelling of the upper limb, especially significant edema, blue discoloration, and dilatation of the superficial veins in the patient’s right upper limb in young, active patients who use their arms excessively.

In addition, there are few studies related with the use of new oral anticoagulants for medical management. In this case report, we use  one of the new oral anticoagulants. Further clinical trials are needed to show the clinical benefits of this drug and prove an association.